Join the new world

不管你们崩没崩溃，反正小编我是崩溃了……

政治学的思维导图Political Mind-mapping

双重标准杂志（Doublestandard）最新天书

原文链接：http://www.erepublik.com/en/article/political-mind-mapping-1863572/1/20



Before you start reading this article I would like to apologize for the wall of text it has become. For those who simply want to know what it is about and give me support I have made a summary of the whole thing at the end of this article.

在你开始阅读前，我要对本文的晦涩难懂表示歉意。对于那些只想知其然然后点击支持的人，我在文章的最后为你们写了个摘要。

If you take in to account that politics in the new world are almost similar to the ones in the real world it might not be a bad thing to learn about the psychology of politics. So I present to you the second article in a series about politics. After political burn-out there is now a piece on political mind-mapping.

如果你们认为e世界的政治与现实世界如出一辙，那么了解一下政治中的心理学或许不是件坏事。因此，继《在政治中筋疲力尽》之后，我为你们献上政治专题系列的第二篇——政治脑图的一小块。





The study of politics is also a study of the mind because politics is not only an abstract concept concerning influence and power it is also about different cognitive functions instantiated by our brain. Any cognitive ability, like the communicative skills we use every day, as well as our suitability to recur to moral evaluations, is strictly related to various bodily features characterizing each of us. Understanding the ways our natural constitution shapes our mind represents a knowledge that changes the manner we approach the study of social phenomena.

研究政治也是研究心理。政治并非只是一个关于权势的抽象概念，他也与我们的大脑的各种认知功能有关。任何认知功能——比如日常交际能力，再如对道德评价的适应能力——都与我们的表情、肢体语言等等密切相关。如能了解自然法则如何塑造了我们的心理，就能以一个新的角度来认识社会现象。

Mind, brain and emotion in politics:

政治中的心理与情感：

Politics is not only something from the rational mind but also about irrational thinking. In the next analysis we will look at Charles Darwin, B.F Skinner and Sigmund Freuds and something we can call “the passionate vision of mind”.

政治并非只是理性思维的产物，它与非理性思维亦有关联。在接下来的分析中，我们将会借鉴到达尔文、斯金纳（B F Skinner，美国心理学家）和佛洛依德的理论，并探讨“心理的冲动一面”。

* Darwin argued that emotion serves an adaptive function involving communication. for example: the ability to send and receive emotional signals regulates social behavior and increases the individual’s chances of survival in which our survival depends on the ability to maximize reproduction and the care and welfare of others. Therefore, messages with issues about the welfare of children and our extended family are themes that will resonate emotionally with the voters. If we put that in a New World perspective I would say that messages about the welfare of our loving community would be warmly accepted by the voters because they feel nurtured.

*达尔文认为，情感在交流沟通的过程中扮演了自适应装置的角色。例如：收发情感信号的能力可以调节社会行为，增加个体的生存机会——我们的生存建立在是否能够将别人的关怀和帮助最大限度地反馈出来的能力上。因此，（候选人提出）与儿童福利以及社区福利等主题有关的信息会引起选民在情感上的共鸣。在e世界里，我则可以断言，凡是针对我们慈祥可亲的社区（也许是指e国家吧，或者党派、MU什么的……反正小编没看懂）的福利都会被选民们热烈欢迎——社区哺育了他们。

* Skinner on the other hand learned us to understand the way humans learn by consequences through reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement behavior, which is associated with something rewarding, and punishment behavior, which is associated with something aversive or the removal of something rewarding, are reflected in much of what we do. If we look at this from a political perspective we get the following deduction: positive and negative emotions independently shape behavior, including voting behavior. So failing to shape and elicit negative associations to the opposition can be as disastrous as failing to shape and elicit positive associations to your own candidate. In other words if you can slander the candidate from the opposing side, highlight his faults, you win. If you can’t and you have not a strong case that highlights your candidate more then the other you fail.

*在另一个角度，斯金纳则告诉我们，人根据强化与惩罚来决定自己以何种方式行动。强化意味着奖励，惩罚则意味着令人厌恶的事物或者移除奖励。如果我们把这个理论引入政治，则可得到如下推论：积极与消极情感能够左右行为，包括投票。所以，不能在选民心中把竞选对手的形象与消极二字联系起来会导致灾难性的后果，和不能在选民心中把己方候选人变成积极的代名词的后果一样。换句话讲，如果你能诋毁竞选对手，突出它的缺点，那么你赢了；如果你做不到，而且你还不能让你自己的候选人比别人更光彩夺目，那么你输定了。

* Freud’s role in understanding the passionate mind and relevance to the political brain centers around the idea that much of our behavior reflects the activation of emotion-laden networks of association, and activating one part of a network can spread activation to other parts of the network. All this activation instantaneously occurs outside of our awareness. Political campaigns are emotionally laden with words and images designed to provoke strong feelings which activate networks in the brain and become the avenues down which true or false political messages travel. These messages connect to the unconscious emotions of the voter in a split second and involuntarily trigger us to react passionately. This translates to voting without the use of the dispassionate brain. In other words, we do not think when voting. Hence the title of this topic => political mind-mapping

*在佛洛依德的理论中，有助于我们理解心理的冲动一面以及这冲动与政治的关联的内容以如下概念为中心：我们的大部分行为反映了对脑中一个对感情敏感的网点及与其相关联的网络的激活，而且一旦一个网点被激活，激活效应就会在脑中迅速扩散开来。所有这些激活效应都发生于瞬息之中，我们甚至都意识不到。

政治活动总是被意在挑起强烈感情的文字和图像充满，这些感情会激活上述那个网点，然后成为各种正确的或是错误的政治信息在脑中的传播通道。这些文字和图像能与选民的不受意识支配的情感在一瞬间联系起来，然后让他们在毫无察觉的情况下冲动行事。换句话讲，人们在投票时根本不冷静，也不会思考。这便是本文的主题。

Although this psychological study is of great interest to me I will not bore you with it more then I have done already. Instead I will talk about the human nature in politics and how you can use it to make yourself a great ePolitical career in the new world.

尽管我痴迷于研究心理学，但我不会继续让你们昏昏欲睡。相反地，我会讲讲政治中的人类本性，然后告诉你们如何利用它来在e世界中开创一个伟大的政治生涯。

Human Nature in Politics:

政治中的人性

The dialogue of Psychology with Political Science:
What kind of rationality does a politician exhibit? Is he or she a creature of objective, substantive rationality; or instead, one of subjective, procedural rationality?

政治学与心理学的对话：

政客们代表着什么样的理性？他们是代表着客观，代表着实质理性，还是代表着主观，代表着程序理性？（小编我吐血了，MITTEKEMUIS大爷啊，您太强了……）

In politics, when reason and emotion collide, emotion invariably wins. Elections are decided in the marketplace of emotions, a marketplace filled with values, images, analogies, moral sentiments, and moving oratory, in which logic plays only a supporting role. Three things determine how people vote, in this order: their feelings toward the parties and their principles, their feelings toward the candidates, and, if they haven't decided by then, their feelings toward the candidates' policy positions.

在政治中，每当理性与情感相撞，情感总是胜者。选举结果总是在情感市场中被决定——一个充满价值观、形象、类比、道德判断以及动人演讲的市场，在这里逻辑只是配角。三件事情左右了选票的流向，它们的顺序如下：选民对于政党和政党纲领的感觉，选民对于候选人的感觉，以及——如果前两项还不足以让他们投票的话——选民对于候选人的政策主张的感觉。

Managing positive and negative feelings should be the primary goals of any political campaign. It's fine to engage on the issues and offer specific policies. There is plenty of time for that in a campaign. But candidates should use policy positions to illustrate their principles, not the other way around.

操纵积极的感觉和消极的感觉应是任何选战的重中之重。关注于当下热点并提出具体应对政策是个不错的选择，在选战中有足够的时间来做这事。但候选人应牢记：是政策在衬托纲领，而不是与之相反。

So what should candidates remember?

那么候选人应该怎么做？

* The first goal surpasses any given candidate. It needs to define the party and its principles in a way that is emotionally compelling and tells a story of what its members believe in and define the other party and its values in ways that undermine its capacity to resonate emotionally with voters. This is the first goal of any campaign because the way voters experience the party is the first influence on the way they will experience the candidate.

*首先要超越所有对手。要以饱满的感情来定义自己的政党和她的纲领，然后再给信众们编个故事佐证之。在定义对手政党及其价值观时，要贬低他们的能力，要声情并茂，要让选民们也跟着你们干一样的事。这是在选战中要做到的第一件事，因为选民们如何看待政党，就会如何看待这个政党的候选人。

* The second goal of an effective campaign is to maximize positive and minimize negative feelings toward its own candidate, and to encourage the opposite set of feelings toward his or her opponent. The most important feelings are gut-level feelings, from global emotional reactions to more specific feelings. For example: “what a lovely person this candidate is and what a pretentious man the other candidate is”

*其次，要最大化针对候选人的积极感觉，最小化消极感觉，然后在对手身上干相反的事。最重要的感觉是第一印象（好像翻得不准……），总体感觉和其他更具体的感觉皆是如此。举例说明：“这位候选人只娇不傲，其他家伙只傲不娇”。

* The third goal of a campaign is to manage feelings toward the candidates personal characteristics. This goal is related to the previous one, although emotional associations tend to hold more sway with voters than judgments about a candidate's particular traits. In general, the goal is to convince voters that your candidate is trustworthy, competent, empathic, and capable of strong leadership, and to raise doubts about the opposition along one or more of these dimensions.

*再次，要操纵针对候选人个人特点的感觉。这与上一项有关，尽管对于候选人的具体特点，感觉比评判要显得摇摆不定。总之，在这里，要让选民觉得你的候选人诚实可靠、精明强干、和蔼可亲、高瞻远瞩，然后让他们觉得其他候选人都与这些品质不搭界。

* The fourth goal of a campaign is to manage positive and negative feelings toward the candidates policies and positions. This goal is not only fourth but a distant fourth. And it is higher still than the more "rational" goal of presenting voters with convincing arguments for a set of policy prescriptions. These arguments tend to influence behavior at the polling booth, if at all, to the extent that they generate positive or negative feelings toward the candidates.

*最后，还得操纵针对候选人的政策和立场的感觉。虽然这件事排在最后，但它也得排在以“理性”的令人信服的论据说服选民接收一套政治处方之前。这些论据用于在选票站做最后一丝努力，比说服更重要的是诱发各种积极的或是消极的感觉。

Example:

例如：

Today ESO is determined to stand for it’s believes that there must be solidarity amongst our citizens in order to preserve our great eNation. This is an opportunity for every British citizen and a responsibility for every British citizen. ESO is determined to re-awake the great sense of our great British society. Solidarity - Responsibility - Community. These are the values that made eUK strong. These are the values of the ESO. These are the values that must guide us into the future.
Today, eUK is moving forward with the strong presidential leadership it deserves. The economy is stronger and government is more efficient. Education of newcomers is better, our environment is friendlier and our armies do a great job. There is more opportunity in the country, more responsibility for eUK, and more possibilities in the new world.
I have a simple philosophy that I tried to follow for the duration of my time spend in eUk: Do what creates opportunity for all, what reinforces responsibility from all of us, and what will help us build a community where everybody has got a role to play and a place at the table. Compared to what used to be, we're clearly better off. We've got more newbies, the fall out rates have declined and the community in a whole is stronger. We're putting UK more strenght in ongoing battles.

今天，ESO坚持于其信条——团结一心，保家卫国。为国效力是国民的责任，也是国民的荣幸。ESO致力于唤醒伟大的不列颠价值观——团结一心、恪尽职守、无私奉献。这些价值观让e联合王国强大，这些价值观被ESO遵循，这些价值观引领国家走向未来。

今天，e联合王国在强有力的领导下不断进步。经济繁荣、政府高效；新人教育更完善、国际环境更友好、武装力量更强大；国内环境优越，国民尽职尽责，国际前途远大。

在我的e联合王国岁月里，我一直遵循以下准则：创造机会，强调职责，建设社区，让每个人都成为不可或缺的一分子。与过去相比，如今我们的境况要好得多。新人增多，死亡率下降，整个社区更加强大。我们让e联合王国在战场上越来越强大。

The first paragraph promises to address the countries interests, opportunity and their values, including values more often associated with responsibility. The second paragraph draws its emotional power from its literary style. Presenting the words solidarity, responsibility, and community as sentences in their own right literally forces the reader to "speak" these words as they would be delivered in oratory—punctuating each one with significance.

在此例中，第一段承诺维护国家的利益、机会和价值观，包括不断重复的有关责任的价值观。 第二段借助文学的力量表达了强烈的情感。“团结一心、恪尽职守、无私奉献”三个词让读者似乎身处演讲现场，字字震撼人心。

The next paragraph describes the basis for the claim that the ESO CP candidate can deliver on these promises. It begins with an appeal to emotion, wedding voters' interests with quintessentially all solid eUK values, and then follows with an authoritative presentation of what this candidate has already accomplished.

文章接下来描述了ESO的总统竞选人是基于什么做出了承诺。首先是一段富有感情的话语，将读者导向e英国的价值观，接着是一段不容置疑的有关候选人已有成就的描述。

What a voter needs to know before casting a vote.

选民应该知道什么

What a voter needs to know most in deciding whether to vote for one candidate or the other are four things, roughly in this order:

选民在决定把票投给谁时，应当知道一下这些要点，大至顺序如下：

*First, do they share the values that matter most to me, and do they care about people like me?

*第一，谁的价值观对我的利益影响最大，谁最关心我这类人？

*Second, can I trust them to represent me faithfully?

*第二，誰是值得信赖的属于我的利益代言人？

*Third, do they have the personal qualities that lead me to believe they'll do right by my values and interests, such as integrity, leadership, and competence?

*第三，谁在诸如信、领导力、工作能力等方面拥有我信得过的品质，会做我支持的事？

*And fourth, if there's an issue that really matters to me , what's their stand on it, and can I trust them to think about it and make decisions which I would probably make if I had all the information they'll have as my elected representative? values and interests, such as integrity, leadership, and competence?

*第四、在事关我的切身利益的事情上，他们的立场是什么？如果当选，他们是否会做出值得我信赖的决定？如果我身处其位，知其所知，是否也会做出同样的决定？

And those turn out to be just the questions voters do ask when casting their ballots, and in just that order.

这就是选民在投票前，要依次弄清的事。



Political Mind-mapping

政治学的思维导图

1) The study of politics is also a study of the mind because politics is not only an abstract concept concerning influence and power it is also about different cognitive functions instantiated by our brain.

1）研究政治也是研究心理。政治并非只是一个关于权势的抽象概念，他也与我们的大脑的各种认知功能有关。

2) Politics is not only something from the rational mind but also about irrational thinking.

2）政治并非只是理性思维的产物，它与非理性思维亦有关联。

* Darwin argued that emotion serves an adaptive function involving communication. => If we put that in a New World perspective I would say that messages about the welfare of our loving community would be warmly accepted by the voters because they feel nurtured.

*达尔文认为，情感在交流沟通的过程中扮演了自适应装置的角色。=>在e世界里，我可以断言，凡是针对我们慈祥可亲的社区（也许是指e国家吧，或者党派、MU什么的……反正小编没看懂）的福利都会被选民们热烈欢迎——因为社区哺育了他们。

* Skinner on the other hand learned us to understand the way humans learn by consequences through reinforcement and punishment. => In other words if you can slander the candidate from the opposing side, highlight his faults, you win. If you can’t and you have not a strong case that highlights your candidate more then the other you fail.

*在另一个角度，斯金纳则告诉我们，人根据强化与惩罚来决定自己以何种方式行动。=>换句话讲，如果你能诋毁竞选对手，突出它的缺点，那么你赢了；如果你做不到，而且你还不能让你自己的候选人比别人更光彩夺目，那么你输定了。

* Freud’s role in understanding the passionate mind and relevance to the political brain centers around the idea that much of our behavior reflects the activation of emotion-laden networks of association, and activating one part of a network can spread activation to other parts of the network.=> In other words, we do not think when voting. Hence the title of this topic => political mind-mapping

*在佛洛依德的理论中，有助于我们理解心理的冲动一面以及这冲动与政治的关联的内容以如下概念为中心：我们的大部分行为反映了对脑中一个对感情敏感的网点及与其相关联的网络的激活，而且一旦一个网点被激活，激活效应就会在脑中迅速扩散开来。=>换句话讲，人们在投票时根本不冷静，也不会思考。这便是本文的主题。

Human Nature in Politics:

政治中的人性

What kind of rationality does a politician exhibit? Is he or she a creature of objective, substantive rationality; or instead, one of subjective, procedural rationality?

政客们代表着什么样的理性？他们是代表着客观，代表着实质理性，还是代表着主观，代表着程序理性？（小编我吐血了，MITTEKEMUIS大爷啊，您太强了……）

* Elections are decided in the marketplace of emotions, a marketplace filled with values, images, analogies, moral sentiments, and moving oratory, in which logic plays only a supporting role.

*选举结果总是在情感市场中被决定——一个充满价值观、形象、类比、道德判断以及动人演讲的市场，在这里逻辑只是配角。

* Managing positive and negative feelings should be the primary goals of any political campaign. It's fine to engage on the issues and offer specific policies.

*操纵积极的感觉和消极的感觉应是任何选战的重中之重。关注于当下热点并提出具体应对政策是个不错的选择。

So what should candidates remember?

那么候选人应该怎么做？

*The first goal surpasses any given candidate. It needs to define the party and its principles in a way that is emotionally compelling and tells a story of what its members believe in and define the other party and its values in ways that undermine its capacity to resonate emotionally with voters.

*首先要超越所有对手。要以饱满的感情来定义自己的政党和她的纲领，然后再给信众们编个故事佐证之。在定义对手政党及其价值观时，要贬低他们的能力，要声情并茂，要让选民们也跟着你们干一样的事。这是在选战中要做到的第一件事，因为选民们如何看待政党，就会如何看待这个政党的候选人。

*The second goal of an effective campaign is to maximize positive and minimize negative feelings toward its own candidate, and to encourage the opposite set of feelings toward his or her opponent.

*其次，要最大化针对候选人的积极感觉，最小化消极感觉，然后在对手身上干相反的事。

*The third goal of a campaign is to manage feelings toward the candidates personal characteristics.

*再次，要操纵针对候选人个人特点的感觉。

*The fourth goal of a campaign is to manage positive and negative feelings toward the candidates policies and positions.

*最后，还得操纵针对候选人的政策和立场的各种积极的或是消极的感觉。

What a voter needs to know before casting a vote.

选民应该知道什么

*First, do they share the values that matter most to me, and do they care about people like me?

*第一，谁的价值观对我的利益影响最大，谁最关心我这类人？

*Second, can I trust them to represent me faithfully?

*第二，誰是值得信赖的属于我的利益代言人？

*Third, do they have the personal qualities that lead me to believe they'll do right by my values and interests, such as integrity, leadership, and competence?

*第三，谁在诸如信、领导力、工作能力等方面拥有我信得过的品质，会做我支持的事？

*And fourth, if there's an issue that really matters to me , what's their stand on it, and can I trust them to think about it and make decisions which I would probably make if I had all the information they'll have as my elected representative? values and interests, such as integrity, leadership, and competence?

*第四、在事关我的切身利益的事情上，他们的立场是什么？如果当选，他们是否会做出值得我信赖的决定？如果我身处其位，知其所知，是否也会做出同样的决定？

~Mittekemuis